Methods of Treating and Preventing Influenza Infections

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to composite antigens comprising a peptide with contiguous amino acid sequence derived from a plurality of antigenic epitopes of one or more pathogens that induces an immune response in a mammal that is protective against infection by the one or more pathogens. In addition, the invention relates to vaccines comprising composite antigens and to method for treating and preventing an infection.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Application is a Continuation U.S. application Ser. No. 15/447,972filed Mar. 2, 2017, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. applicationSer. No. 15/205,476 filed Jul. 8, 2016, which issued as U.S. Pat. No.9,777,045 on Oct. 3, 2017, which is a Continuation of U.S. applicationSer. No. 14/473,605 filed Aug. 29, 2014, which issued as U.S. Pat. No.9,388,220 Jul. 12, 2016, which is a Continuation of U.S. applicationSer. No. 12/199,729 filed Aug. 27, 2008, which issued as U.S. Pat. No.8,821,885 Sep. 2, 2014, and claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/968,145 filed Aug. 27, 2007, and a Continuation ofU.S. application Ser. No. 13/750,771 filed Jan. 25, 2013 which issued asU.S. Pat. No. 9,598,462 Mar. 21, 2017, and claims priority to U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/591,113 filed Jan. 26, 2012, each ofwhich is entirely incorporated by reference.

Sequence Listing

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jan. 25, 2013, isnamed 3022.015USCP_SL.txt and is 39,420 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND 1 Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed to composite antigens composed of aplurality of epitopes, and to tools and methods for generating an immuneresponse with the composite antigens of the invention. The invention isalso directed to compositions comprising composite antigenic sequencesderived from multiple pathogens for the development of novel vaccinesand to the vaccines developed.

2 Description of the Background

Microbial and viral pathogens are a primary source of infectious diseasein animals. Pathogens and their hosts constantly adapt to one another inan endless competition for survival and propagation. Certain pathogenshave become enormously successful at infecting mammalian hosts andsurviving exposure to the host immune response, even over periods ofyears or decades. One example of an extremely successful mammalianpathogen is the influenza virus.

Influenza viruses are etiologic agents for a contagious respiratoryillness (commonly referred to as the flu) that primarily affects humansand other vertebrates. Influenza is highly infectious and an acuterespiratory disease that has plagued the human race since ancient times.Infection is characterized by recurrent annual epidemics and periodicmajor worldwide pandemics. Influenza virus infection can cause mild tosevere illness, and can even lead to death. Every year in the UnitedStates, 5 to 20 percent of the population, on average, contracts the fluwith more than 200,000 hospitalizations from complications and over36,000 deaths. Because of the high disease-related morbidity andmortality, direct and indirect social economic impacts of influenza areenormous. Four pandemics occurred in the last century, together causingtens of millions of deaths worldwide.

Influenza virus spreads from host to host through coughing or sneezing.Airborne droplets are the primary transmission vectors betweenindividuals. In humans, the virus typically spreads directly from personto person, although persons can also be infected from indirect contactwith surfaces harboring the virus. Infected adults become infectious toothers beginning as little as one day before primary symptoms of thedisease develop. Thereafter, these persons remain infectious for up to 5days or more after. Uncomplicated influenza illness is oftencharacterized by an abrupt onset of constitutional and respiratorysymptoms, including fever, myalgia, headache, malaise, nonproductivecough, sore throat, rhinitis, or a combination of one or more of thesesymptoms.

Currently, the spread of pathogenic influenza virus is controlled inanimal populations by vaccination and/or treatment with one or moreanti-viral compounds. Vaccines containing inactivated influenza virus orsimply influenza antigen are currently in use worldwide and especiallypromoted for use by high-risk groups such as infants, the elderly, thosewithout adequate health care and immunocompromised individuals. Most allviruses for vaccine use are propagated in fertile hen's eggs,inactivated by chemical means, and the antigens purified. The vaccinesare usually trivalent, containing representative influenza A viruses(H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B strains. The World Health Organization(WHO) regularly updates the specific strains targeted for vaccinedevelopment to those believed to be most prevalent and thereby maximizeoverall world efficacy. During inter-pandemic periods, it typicallytakes eight months or more before an updated influenza vaccine is readyfor market. Historically, viral pandemics are spread to most continentswithin four to six months, and future viral pandemics are likely tospread even faster due to increased international travel. It is likelyinevitable that an effective vaccine made by conventional means will beunavailable or in very short supply during the first wave of any futurewidespread outbreak or pandemic.

Pandemic flu can and does arise at any time. Although the severity ofthe next Influenza pandemic cannot be accurately predicted, modelingstudies suggest that the impact of a pandemic on the United States, andthe world as a whole, would be substantial. In the absence of anycontrol measures (vaccination or drugs), it has been estimated that inthe United States a “medium-level” pandemic could cause: 89,000 to207,000 deaths; 314,000 and 734,000 hospitalizations; 18 to 42 millionoutpatient visits; and another 20 to 47 million people being sick.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)(Atlanta, Ga., USA), between 15 percent and 35 percent of the U.S.population could be affected by an influenza pandemic, and the economicimpact could range between approximately $71 and $167 billion.

Vaccines capable of producing a protective immune response have beenproduced in the last half century. These include whole virus vaccines,split-virus vaccines, and surface-antigen vaccines and live attenuatedvirus vaccines. While formulations of any of these vaccine types arecapable of producing a systemic immune response, live attenuated virusvaccines have the advantage of also being able to stimulate localmucosal immunity in the respiratory tract.

With the continual emergence (or re-emergence) of different influenzastrains, new influenza vaccines are continually being developed. Becauseof the rapid mutation rate among Influenza viruses, it has beenextremely difficult and at times not possible to identify the antigenicmoieties of the emergent virus strains in sufficient time to develop asuitable vaccine. Thus, polypeptides and polynucleotides of newlyemergent or re-emergent virus strains (especially sequences of antigenicgenes) are highly desirable.

Influenza is typically caused by infection of two genera of influenzaviruses: Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus B. The third genus ofinfluenza viruses, Influenzavirus C, exists as a single species,influenza C virus, which causes only minor common cold-like symptoms insusceptible mammals. Infections by influenza A virus and influenza Bvirus are typically initiated at the mucosal surface of the upperrespiratory tract of susceptible mammals. Viral replication is primarilylimited to the upper respiratory tract but can extend to the lowerrespiratory tract and cause bronchopneumonia that can be fatal.

Influenza A virus, in particular, has many different serotypes.Presently, there are sixteen known variations of HA (the hemaglutinationantigen which is involved in virus to cell binding) and nine knownvariations of NA (the neuraminidase antigen which is involved in viralrelease) within influenza A viruses, thus yielding 144 possible “HN”serotypes of influenza A virus based on variations within these twoproteins alone. Only a small number of these combinations are believedto be circulating within susceptible populations at any given time. Oncea new influenza strain or serotype emerges and spreads, the historicalpattern is that it becomes established within the susceptible populationand then moves around or “circulates” for many years causing seasonalepidemics of the Flu. Three genera of influenza viruses currentlycomprise the Orthomyxoviridae Family:

Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, and Influenza virus C. Each ofthese genera contains a single species of influenza virus: The genusInfluenza virus A consists of a single species, influenza A virus, whichincludes all of the influenza virus strains currently circulating amonghumans, including, for example, but not limited to, H1N1, H1N2, H2N2,H3N1, H3N2, H3N8, H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N8, H5N9, H7N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N4,H7N7, H9N2, and H10N7 serotypes. Exemplary influenza A viral strainsinclude, but are not limited to, A/Aichi/2/68, A/Alaska/6/77, A/Alice,A/Ann Arbor/6/60, A/Bayern/7/95, A/Beijing/352/89, A/Beijing/353/89,A/Bethesda/1/85, A/California/10/78, A/Chick/Germany/N/49, A/Chile/1/83,A/Denver/1/57, A/Dunedin/6/83, A/Equine/Miami/1/63, A/FM/1/47, A/GreatLakes/0389/65, A/Guizhou/54/89, A/Hong Kong/77, A/Hong Kong/8/68, A/HongKong/483/97, A/Johannesburg/33/94, A/Kawasaki/9/86, A/Kiev/59/79,A/Korea/1/82, A/Korea/426/68, A/Leningrad/13/57, A/Los Angeles/2/87,A/MaI/302/54, A/Memphis/8/88, A/Nanchang/933/95, A/New Jersey/8/76,A/NT/60/68, A/NWS/33, A/Peking/2/79, A/Port Chalmers/1/73, A/PR/8/34,A/Shanghai/11/87, A/Shanghai/16/89, A/Shanghai/31/80, A/Singapore/1/57,A/Singapore/6/86, A/South Carolina/1/181918, A/Swine/1976/31,A/Swine/Iowa/15/30, A/Swine/New Jersey/8/76, A/Sydney/5/97,A/Taiwan/1/86, A/Taiwan/1/86A1, A/Texas/35/91, A/Texas/36/91,A/USSR/90/77, A/Victoria/3/75, A/Vietnam/1203/04, A/WashingtonD.C./897/80, A/Weiss/43, A/WS/33, A/WSN/33, A/Wuhan/359/95,A/Wyoming/1/87, and A/Yamagata/32/89, as well as derivatives, variants,and homologs thereof.

The genus Influenza virus B consists of a single species, influenza Bvirus, of which there is currently only one known serotype. Influenza Bvirus is almost exclusively a human pathogen, but is significantly lesscommon and less genetically diverse than influenza A strains. Because ofthis limited genetic diversity, most humans acquire a certain degree ofimmunity to influenza B virus at an early age; however, the mutationfrequency of the virus is sufficiently high enough to prevent lastingimmunity by most humans, but not high enough to permit pandemicinfection by influenza B virus across human populations. Exemplaryinfluenza B viral serotypes include, but are not limited to, B/Allen/45,B/Ann Arbor/1/86, B/Bangkok/163/90, B/Beijing/184/93, B/Brigit,B/GL/1739/54, B/Hong Kong/330/2001, B/Hong Kong/5/72, B/Lee/40,B/Maryland/1/59, B/Mass/3/66, B/Oman/16296/2001, B/Panama/45/90, B/R22Barbara, B/R5, B/R75, B/Russia/69, B/Shandong/7/97, B/Sichuan/379/99,B/Taiwan/2/62, B/Tecumseh/63/80, B/Texas/1/84, B/Victoria/2/87, andB/Yamagata/16/88, as well as derivatives, variants, and homologsthereof.

The genus Influenza virus C also consists of a single species, denotedinfluenza C virus, of which there is also currently only one knownserotype. This serotype is known to infect both primates and porcines,and while infections of influenza C virus are rare, the resultingillness can be severe. Epidemics of influenza C virus are not uncommonin exposed populations, however, due to its rapid transmissibility inhumans having close contact.

Polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences from each of these strains arecontained within the publicly-available databases of the National Centerfor Biotechnology Information (National Library of Medicine, NationalInstitutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA), and viral stocks may beobtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA),or are otherwise publicly available.

Human influenza virus usually refers to influenza virus serotypes thatare transmissible among humans. There are only three known influenza Avirus HN serotypes that have circulated widely among humans in recenttimes: H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2. Many humans have acquired at least somelevel of immunity to these subtypes. All Influenza viruses, however, areknown to mutate and change frequently. Influenza viruses are known toinfect waterfowl and swine and to circulate among those hosts forming abreeding ground for new subtypes and strains separate from humanpopulations. Because many serotypes (and particularly newly-arisingsubtypes) have a zero or low prevalence in human populations, there islittle or no natural immunity against them in human populations. Such apopulation is referred to as being “naïve” to such serotypes.Accordingly, Influenza viruses might be expected to adapt over time togenerate one or more highly virulent strains that will infect and spreadcatastrophically among naïve humans, as has been widely reported in themainstream press.

The highly-virulent influenza H5N1 subtype (publicly referred to as thebird flu virus), for example, has been reported as having mutatedsufficiently to become transmissible from avian hosts to humans. As thissubtype has been limited to infecting avian populations in the past,there is little or no legacy of infection to have generated immunitywithin the human population. Thus, the human population is expected tobe highly susceptible to H5N1.

To date, the H5N1 serotype does not appear to have mutated sufficientlyto become efficiently transmitted from human to human. Nonetheless,because influenza viruses are constantly adapting, there is concern thatH5N1 virus or another virulent influenza strain or serotype will arisethat will be able to infect humans and spread easily from one person toanother. It has been commonly suggested that if H5N1 virus were to gainthe capacity to spread easily from person to person, a worldwideoutbreak of disease (i.e., pandemic) would likely begin, resulting inmillions of deaths.

Annual influenza outbreaks occur as a result of “antigenic drift.”Antigenic drift is caused by mutations within antigenic (i.e., immunitystimulating) portions of viral proteins within viral subtypescirculating in host populations that alter the host's ability torecognize and defend effectively against the infecting virus, even whenthe virus has been circulating in the community for several years. Theantigenic drift that diminishes existing immunity in a host populationgenerally occurs within so-called immunodominant antigens or regions.Immunodominant antigens are those antigens belonging to a pathogen thatare the most-easily and most-quickly recognized by the host immunesystem and, consequently, account for the vast majority of immuneresponse to the invading pathogen. Typically, immunodominant antigensexist within regions of the pathogen that are most exposed to theenvironment, i.e., are on the external surfaces or on protrudingelements of the pathogen, and so are most readily accessible to the hostimmune system.

In the case of influenza, the immunodominant HA and NA proteins protrudefrom the central capsid of the viral particle, and so they tend tointeract most strongly with the host's internal environment and dominatethe host immune response. Mutations occurring in the microbial genomethat protect the microbe from the host immune system, these mutationsare most readily found to affect the immunodominant antigens.

Conversely, non-immunodominant antigens are those that are capable ofraising a host immune response but account for only a small amount ofthe total immune response. This is thought to happen because thenon-immunodominant antigens are at least partially shielded from thehost immune system, as in the case of an antigen that is located in acleft or fold of the microbial surface or is surrounded by protrudingelements of the microbe. In the case of influenza, non-immunodominantantigens occurring near the capsid surface are shielded from the hostimmune system by the immunodominant HA and NA spikes protruding from thesurface. Non-immunodominant antigens tend to show less mutation inresponse to host immune pressure than do immunodominant antigens.

Antigenic shift occurs when there is an abrupt or sudden, major changein a virus. Antigenic shift is typically caused by the occurrence of newcombinations of the HA and/or NA proteins on the surface of the virus,i.e., the creation of a new Influenza subtype. The appearance of a newinfluenza A virus subtype, to which most of the world's population isnaïve , is the first step toward a pandemic. If the new Influenzasubtype also has the capacity to spread easily from person to person,then a full-blown pandemic may be expected resulting in a globalinfluenza outbreak infecting millions of humans.

The CDC and the leading authorities on disease prevention in the worldrecommend the single best way of preventing the flu is through annualvaccination. Conventional vaccines however, typically target the HA andNA antigens, and have been neither universally protective nor 100percent effective at preventing the disease. Antigenic shift preventsflu vaccines from being universally protective or from maintainingeffectiveness over many years. The ineffectiveness of conventionalvaccines may also be due, in part, to antigenic drift and the resultingvariation within antigenic portions of the HA and NA proteins mostcommonly recognized by the immune system (i.e., immunodominantantigens). As a result, many humans may find themselves susceptible tothe flu virus without an effective method of treatment available sinceinfluenza is constantly improving its resistant to current treatments.This scenario is particularly concerning with respect to the H5N1 virus,which is highly virulent but for which there is currently no widelyavailable commercial vaccine to immunize susceptible human populations.

Currently, flu vaccines are reformulated each year due to the yearlyemergence of new strains, and generally induce limited immunity. Inaddition, to achieve a protective immune response, some vaccines areadministered with high doses of antigen. This is particularly true forH5N1 vaccines. In addition, influenza vaccines, including H5N1 vaccines,typically present epitopes in the same order as the epitopes are foundin nature, generally presenting as whole-viral proteins; consequently,relatively large amounts of protein are required to make an effectivevaccine. As a result, each administration includes an increased costassociated with the dose amount, and there is increased difficulty inmanufacturing enough doses to vaccinate the general public. Further, theuse of larger proteins elevates the risk of undesirable immune responsesin the recipient host.

Accordingly, it would be advantageous to administer a vaccine thatprovides protection against an infection over a broad range of differentstrains and/or variations of a pathogen, and a vaccine that is effectiveagainst multiple pathogens. It would also be advantageous to administera single or limited number of vaccinations that would provide effectiveprotection across a selection of different pathogens and a vaccine thatcould be effective in those individuals with limited immune systemfunction. Such vaccines would be useful to treat many individuals andpopulations and may be useful to compliment conventional vaccines, allto provide comprehensive protection to as many individuals as possibleagainst existing as well as new and emerging pathogens across apopulation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides new and useful compositions, as well astools and methods for generating an immune response. In particular, theinvention provides vaccines and methods developed from multipleantigenic regions of one or more pathogens.

One embodiment of the invention is directed to a composite antigencomprising a peptide with contiguous amino acid sequence derived from aplurality of antigenic epitopes of one or more pathogens that induces animmune response in a mammal that is protective against infection by theone or more pathogens. Preferably the plurality of epitopes contains oneor more composite epitopes. Preferably the composite antigen contains aplurality of antigenic epitopes, comprising one or more repetitions of asame epitope, one or more repetitions of different epitopes, one or morerepetitions of composite epitopes, or a combination thereof. Alsopreferably, the amino acid sequence of at least one epitope of thecomposite antigen does not exist naturally. Composite antigens can beused to treat or preferably prevent infection and disease associatedwith one or more pathogens including but not limited to viruses,bacteria, parasites, yeast, fungi, or a combination thereof. Preferablythe pathogen is an influenza virus and the one or more antigenicepitopes are amino acid sequences of M1, M2, HA, NA, PB1, or PB2protein, or a combination thereof. Exemplary composite sequencesinclude, but are not limited to, SEQ ID NOs 4, 5, 8, 19, 20, 52, 53, 56and 54, and SEQ ID NO 16, 65, 66,67, 70 and 73.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to composite antigenscomprising an amino acid sequence containing amino acids that are incommon between sequences of epitopes of multiple conserved regions, andthe amino acids that differ between the sequences of epitopes ofmultiple conserved regions. Preferably, the amino acid sequence has theformula An1BCAn2, wherein A represents the amino acids that are incommon between sequences of epitopes of multiple conserved regions, Band C represent the amino acids that differ between the sequences ofepitopes of multiple conserved regions, wherein A, B, and C arenaturally occurring amino acids, N1 and N2 total to less than 25, andthe number of B and C amino acids is less than 3. Exemplary compositesequences include, but are not limited to SEQ ID NO. 6, 7, 21, 22, 54,55, 58 or 59. Preferably the composite antigen contains multipleconserved regions of a peptide sequence derived from multiple serotypesof a same pathogen. Preferably the pathogen is influenza virus.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to an antibody that isspecifically reactive to the composite antigen of the invention.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to polynucleotides thatencode composite antigens of the invention.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to methods forgenerating an immune response in a mammal comprising administering tothe mammal the composite antigen of the invention. Preferably the immuneresponse generated is protective against a number of different strains,serotypes or species of the one or more pathogens.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a vaccine comprisingthe composite antigen of the invention. Preferably the composite antigenis has the formula An1BCAn2, wherein A represents the amino acids thatare in common between sequences of epitopes of multiple conservedregions, B and C represent the amino acids that differ between thesequences of epitopes of multiple conserved regions, wherein A, B, and Care naturally occurring amino acids, N1 and N2 total to less than 25,and the number of B and C amino acids is less than 3.

Other embodiments and advantages of the invention are set forth in partin the description, which follows, and in part, may be obvious from thisdescription, or may be learned from the practice of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 Summary of ELISA antisera titers of peptides (or Pep) 3, 6, 9, 10and 11 of H3N2 Influenza virus (Wuhan).

FIG. 2 Antisera mean ODs of mice immunized with different peptides ofH3N2 Influenza virus (Wuhan 1:40).

FIG. 3 Mean ODs of antisera (1:100) on virus and peptide followingimmunization with Pep 6

FIG. 4 Antisera titers for mice immunized with Pep 9 on H1N1 (Caledonia)virus at various dilutions.

FIG. 5A Assay of Pep 9 sera on fresh Wuhan coating.

FIG. 5B Assay of Pep 9 sera on fixed Wuhan.

FIG. 5C Assay of Pep 9 sera on fresh Caledonia coating.

FIG. 5D Assay of Pep 9 sera on fixed Caledonia coating.

FIG. 6 Antisera titers from mice immunized with Pep 9 captured on fixedvs. Fresh coatings of Wuhan and Caledonia.

FIG. 7 Antisera titers for mice immunized with Pep 11 on H5N1 at variousdilutions.

FIG. 8-1 Additional sequences and related information.

FIG. 8-2 Additional sequences and related information.

FIG. 8-3 Additional sequences and related information.

FIG. 8-4 Additional sequences and related information.

FIG. 8-5 Additional sequences and related information.

FIG. 8-6 Additional sequences and related information.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Vaccinations and vaccines are often the best mechanism for avoiding aninfection and preventing the spread of debilitating and dangerouspathogens. With respect to viral infections and many bacterialinfections, vaccinations are often the only effective option astreatment options are few and those that are available provide onlylimited effectiveness. Conventional vaccinations require a prioriunderstanding or general identification of the existing antigenicregions of the pathogen. The pathogen itself is propagated and asuitable vaccine developed from heat-killed or otherwise attenuatedmicroorganisms. Alternatively, an antigen or collection of antigens isidentified that will generate a protective immune response uponadministration. The need for a vaccine is especially urgent with respectto preventing infection by certain bacteria and viruses. Many bacteriaand especially certain viruses mutate constantly often rendering thevaccine developed to the prior or originating bacteria or virus uselessagainst the new strains that emerge. As a consequence, vaccines againstinfections are reformulated yearly and often administered at fairly highdoses. The manufacturing costs are high and administering vaccinesagainst pose a great many complications and associated risks topatients.

It has been surprisingly discovered that an effective vaccine can beproduced from a composite antigen of the invention. Composite antigensare antigens that contains or are derived from a plurality of antigenicregions of a pathogen. Composite antigens of the invention may containone epitope that represents a combination of conserved regions of two ormore epitopes (e.g., the composite epitope as outlined herein), or aplurality of immunologically responsive regions derived from one ormultiple sources (e.g., virus particles, parasites, bacteria, fungi,cells). These immunological regions are amino acid sequences or epitopesthat are representative of sequences found at those antigenic regions ofa pathogen or other antigen associated with an infection or a diseaseor, importantly, associated with stimulation of the immune system toprovide protection against the pathogen.

One embodiment of the invention is directed to composite antigens.Composite antigens of the invention contain non-naturally occurringamino acid sequences that do not exist in nature and are otherwiseartificially constructed. Each sequence of a composite antigen containsa plurality of immunologically responsive regions or epitopes of apathogen, which are artificially arranged, preferably along a singleamino acid sequence. The plurality may contain multiples of the sameepitope, although not in a naturally occurring order, or multiples of avariety of different epitopes from one or more pathogens. Epitopes maybe identical to known immunological regions of a pathogen, or entirelynew constructs that have not previously existed and thereforeartificially constructed. Preferably, the composite antigen of theinvention induces killer T-cell (T_(C) or CTL) responses, helper T-cell(T_(H)) responses, and specific antibody production in an inoculatedmammal.

A “composite” antigen is an engineered, artificially created antigenmade from two or more constituent epitopes, such that the resultingcomposite antigen has physical and/or chemical properties that differfrom or are additive of the individual constituent epitopes. Preferablethe composite antigen, when exposed to the immune system of a mammal, iscapable of simultaneously generating an immunological response to eachof the constituent epitope of the composite and preferably to a greaterdegree (e.g., as measurable from a cellular or humoral response to anidentified pathogen) than the individual constituent epitopes. Inaddition, the composite antigen provides the added function ofgenerating a protective immunological response in a patient when used asa vaccine and against each of the constituent epitopes. Preferably, thecomposite has the additional function of providing protection againstnot only the pathogens from which the constituents were derived, butrelated pathogens as well. These related pathogenic organisms may bestrains or serotypes of the same species of organism, or differentspecies of the same genus of organism, or different organisms entirelythat are only related by a common epitope.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to isolated epitopes.Isolated epitopes are regions obtained or derived from a protein orpeptide of a pathogen that elicit a robust immunological response whenadministered to a mammal. Preferably, that robust response provides themammal with an immunological protection against developing disease fromexposure to the pathogen. A preferred example of an isolated epitope isa composite epitope, which is one artificially created from acombination of two or more highly conserved, although not identical,amino acid sequences of two or more different, but otherwise relatedpathogens. The pathogens may be of the same type, but of a differentstrain, serotype, or species or other relation. The composite epitopecontains the conserved region that is in common between the relatedepitopes, and also contains the variable regions which differ. Thesequences of a composite epitope that represents a combination of twoconserved, but not identical sequences, may be illustrated as follows:

Sequence of Epitope 1 . . . AAAAABAAAAA . . .

Sequence of Epitope 2 . . . AAAAACAAAAA . . .

Composite Epitope . . . AAAAABCAAAAA . . .

wherein, “A” represents the amino acids in common between the two highlyconserved epitopes, “B” and “C” represent the amino acids that differ,respectively, between two epitopes, each of “A”, “B” and “C” can be anyamino acid and any number of amino acids. Preferably the conservedregion contains about 20 or less amino acids on each side of thevariable amino acids, preferably about 15 or less, preferably about 10or less, preferably about 8 or less, preferably about 6 or less, andmore preferably about 4 or less. Preferably the amino acids that varybetween two similar but not identical conserved regions are 5 or less,preferably 4 or less, preferably 3 or less, preferably 2 or less, andmore preferably only 1.

A “composite epitope,” similar to the composite antigen, is anengineered, artificially created single epitope made from two or moreconstituent epitopes, such that the resulting composite epitope hasphysical and/or chemical properties that differ from or are additive ofthe constituent epitopes. Preferable the composite epitope, when exposedto the immune system of a mammal, is capable of simultaneouslygenerating an immunological response to each of the constituent epitopesof the composite and preferably to a greater degree than that achievedby either of the constituent epitopes individually. In addition, thecomposite epitope provides the added function of generating a protectiveimmunological response in a patient when used as a vaccine and againsteach of the constituent epitopes. Preferably, the composite has theadditional function of providing protection against not only thepathogens from which the constituents were derived, but relatedpathogens as well. These related pathogenic organisms may be strains orserotypes of the same species of organism, or different species of thesame genus of organism, or different organisms entirely that are onlyrelated by a common epitope.

Composite epitopes of the invention are entirely artificial moleculesthat do not otherwise exist in nature and to which an immune system hasnot been otherwise exposed. Preferably, these conserved immunologicalregions that are combined as a composite epitope representimmunologically responsive regions of proteins and/or polypeptides thatare highly conserved between related pathogens. Although a vaccine canbe developed from a single composite epitope, in many instances the mosteffective vaccine may be developed from multiple, different compositeepitopes.

Accordingly, composite antigens of the invention may contain one or morecomposite epitopes and/or one or more known epitopes to provide aneffective vaccine. Although composite antigens may comprise a singlecomposite epitope, a composite antigen would not comprise only a singleknown epitope. Preferably, the immunological response achieved from avaccination with a composite antigen, or group of composite antigens,provides protection against infection caused by the original strainsfrom which the sequence of the composite antigen was derived, and alsoprovides immunological protection against other strains, serotypesand/or species that share one or more of the general conserved regionsrepresented in the composite antigen. Thus, the resulting immuneresponse achieved from a vaccination with a composite antigen is morebroadly protective than can be achieved from a conventional singleantigen vaccination against multiple strains, serotypes, and species orotherwise related pathogens regardless of antigenic drift that may takeplace in the evolution of the pathogen. Preferably, vaccines developedfrom composite antigens of the invention avoid any need for repeated orannual vaccinations, the associated complications and expenses ofmanufacture, and the elevated risks to the patient. These vaccines areuseful to treat individuals and populations, thereby preventinginfection, mortality and pandemics, and are useful to complimentconventional vaccines.

As discussed herein, the composite antigen preferably comprises a singlechain of amino acids with a sequences derived from one or more compositeepitopes, one or more composite epitopes plus one or more knownepitopes, or a plurality of known epitopes, that may be the same ordifferent. Epitope sequences may be repeated consecutively anduninterrupted along a composite sequence or interspersed among othersequences that may be single or a few amino acids as spacers orsequences that encode peptides (collectively spacers), and may benonimmunogenic or immunogenic and capable of inducing a cellular (Tcell) or humoral (B cell) immune response in a mammal. Peptides sequencefrom unrelated microbes may be combined into a single composite antigen.For example, viral sequences of selected immunoresponsive peptides maybe interspersed with conserved sequences or epitopes selected from othermicrobes, such as, for example, bacteria such as S. pneumococcus, P.auriginosa or S. aureus. Preferred viral proteins, from which preferredepitopes may be selected, include, but are not limited to the influenzavirus proteins PspA, PspC, HA, NA, M2e, H. influenza protein D, andcoagulase.

An epitope of the composite antigen may be of any sequence and size, butis preferable composed of natural amino acids and is more than 5 butless than 35 amino acids in length, preferably less than 30, preferablybetween 5 and 25 amino acids in length, preferably between 8 and 20amino acids in length, and more preferably between 5 and 15 amino acidsin length.

Composite antigens preferably contain any number of composite and/orother epitopes. The most effective number of epitopes of a compositeantigen against a particular pathogen, pathogen family, or group ofpathogens may be determined by one skilled in the art from thedisclosures of this application and using routine testing procedures.Composite antigens may be effective with one epitope, preferably with 2or more, 3 or more 4 or more, 5 or more or greater. Optionally,composite antigens may include one or more spacers between epitopeswhich may be sequences of antigenic regions derived from the same orfrom one or more different pathogens, or sequences that serve asimmunological primers or that otherwise provide a boost to the immunesystem. That boost may be generated from a sequence of amino acids thatare known to stimulate the immune system, either directly or as anadjuvant. In one preferred embodiment, composite antigens useful togenerate an immunological response against influenza virus compriseepitopes of HA and/or NA proteins, and/or new epitopes derived fromsimilar conserved regions of different serotypes of influenza virus.Also preferred are composite antigens containing epitopes of proteins ofMycobacterium tuberculosis and Clostridium tetani, and/or new epitopesderived from similar conserved regions of different serotypes of thesebacteria.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a contiguous sequenceof one or more epitopes, which may comprise composite and/or knownepitopes, from one or more pathogens in a sequence that does not existnaturally and must be artificially constructed. Preferably, a contiguoussequence of the invention contains one or more composite epitopes, whichis a combination of the sequences of the conserved regions of epitopesthat are common to multiple pathogens plus those amino acids that differbetween the two conserved regions. For example, where two pathogenscontain similar conserved regions that differ by only a single aminoacid, the composite sequences would include the conserved region aminoacids and each of the amino acids that differ between the two regions asdiscussed herein.

It is also preferable that a composite antigen of the invention containa plurality of repeated epitopes and, optionally, epitopes conjugatedwith linker regions between or surrounding each epitope, and theplurality of epitopes be the same or different. Preferred linkersinclude amino acid sequences of antigenic regions of the same or ofdifferent pathogens, or amino acids sequences that aid in the generationof an immune response. Preferred examples include, but are not limitedto any of the various antigenic regions of bacteria such as, but notlimited to tuberculosis and virus such as, but not limited to influenza.It is also preferred that composite antigens contain epitopes thatgenerate a T cell response, a B cell response, or both in conjunctionwith a specific response to the pathogen.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to immunizing animalswith the composite antigens of the invention. Antisera obtained from theimmunized animals are reactive against the pathogens from which thecomposite antigen was derived. Another embodiment of the invention istherefore antisera obtained from the immunized animals, which may befurther purified for testing or utilized therapeutically foradministration to another mammal and thereby provides protection againstinfection from the one or more pathogens. It is also preferred that theantisera obtained provide a broad protection, not just against thepathogens from which the composite antigen was derived, but also fromadditional pathogens that may differ by strain, serotype, or evenspecies.

Another embodiment of the invention is a vaccine composed of thecomposite antigen or antisera developed from the composite antigen ofthe invention. Preferably, the vaccines of the invention are lesssusceptible to variation of antigenicity due to antigenic shift ofpathogens which reduces or eliminates the need for annual or repeatedvaccination to maintain protection of patient populations againstpotential outbreaks of infection from new viral isolates. In addition,the vaccines of the invention generally and advantageously provideincreased safety considerations, both in their manufacture andadministration (due in part to a substantially decreased need forrepeated administration), a relatively long shelf life in part due tominimized need to reformulate due to strain-specific shift and drift, anability to target immune responses with high specificity for particularmicrobial epitopes, and an ability to prepare a single vaccine that iseffective against multiple pathogens, each of which may be a differentbut know strain or species of the same pathogen. The inventionencompasses antigenic and antibody compositions, methods of making suchcompositions, and methods for their use in the prevention, treatment,management, and/or prophylaxis of an infection. The compositionsdisclosed herein, as well as methods employing them, find particular usein the treatment or prevention of viral, bacterial, parasitic and/orfungal pathogenesis and infection using immunogenic compositions andmethods superior to conventional treatments presently available in theart.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to methods of preventingor controlling infection, such as, for example, an outbreak of viral,parasitic, fungal or bacterial infection, preferably but not limited toan influenza virus and/or a tuberculosis bacterial infection, in aselected mammalian population. The method includes at least the step ofproviding an immunologically effective amount of one or more of thedisclosed immunogenic or vaccine compositions to a susceptible or anat-risk member of the population, for a time sufficient to prevent,reduce, lessen, alleviate, control, or delay the outbreak of such aninfection in the general population.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to methods for producinga protective immune response against infection, for example by influenzavirus, in a mammal in need thereof. Such a method generally includes astep of providing to a mammal in need thereof, animmunologically-effective amount of one or more of the immunogeniccompositions disclosed herein under conditions and for a time sufficientto produce such a protective immune response against one or morespecies, strains, or serotypes of an infectious organism. Additionally,the invention also provides a method for administering a prophylacticantiviral or antimicrobial composition to at least a first cell, tissue,organ, or organ system in a mammal that generally involves providing tosuch a mammal a prophylactically-effective amount of at least a firstimmunogenic composition as disclosed herein.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to an immunogeniccomposition comprising the composite antigens of the invention havingone or more repeated peptide sequences, or fragments, variants, orderivatives of such peptide sequences that are conserved across aplurality of proteins in the same or different pathogen. The conservedregions from which the composite sequence is derived may be conservedwithin subtypes of the same pathogen or different pathogens. Preferredpathogens include, but are not limited to bacteria, viruses, parasites,fungi and viruses.

Composite antigens of the invention may also be obtained or derived fromthe sequences of bacteria such as, for example, multiple or combinedepitopes of the proteins and/or polypeptides of, for example, but notlimited to Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium such as M.tuberculosis, Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Haemophilusinfluenza, Chlamydophila pneumonia, Corynebacterium diphtheriae,Clostridium tetani, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus,Moraxella catarrhalis, Legionella pneumophila, Bordetella pertussis,Escherichia coli, such as E. coli 0157, and multiple or combinedepitomes of conserved regions of any of the foregoing. Exemplaryparasites from which sequences may be obtained or derived include butare not limited to Plasmodium such as Plasmodium falciparum andTrypanosoma. Exemplary fungi include, but are not limited to Aspergillusfumigatus or Aspergillus flavus. Exemplary viruses include, but are notlimited to arena viruses, bunyaviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses,hepadna viruses, herpes viruses, orthomyxoviruses, parvoviruses,picornaviruses, papillomaviruses, reoviruses, retroviruses,rhabdoviruses, and togaviruses. Preferably, the virus epitopes areobtained or derived from sequences of Influenza viruses (e.g., theparamyxoviruses).

In another preferred embodiment, the composite antigens contain aconserved region derived from an influenza virus subtypes (e.g.,influenza viruses with varying HA or NA compositions, such as H1N1,H5N1, H3N2, and H2N2). Epitopes of conserved regions on NA or HA mayalso confer cross-subtype immunity. As an example, conserved epitopes onNA(N1) may confer enhanced immunity to H5N1 and H1N1. With respect tosimilar or homologous chemical compounds among influenza A subtypesand/or strains within a subtype, preferably these are at least about 80percent, more preferably at least about 90 percent, more preferably atleast about 95 percent identical, more preferably at least about 96percent identical, more preferably at least about 97 percent identical,more preferably at least about 98 percent identical, more preferably atleast about 99 percent identical, and even more preferably 100 percentidentical (invariant). Preferably, at least one peptide sequence withinthe composite antigen is also conserved on homologous proteins (e.g.,protein subunits) of at least two viral particles, preferably influenzaparticles. Proteins of influenza virus include, for example, expressedproteins in the virus structure, such as HA, NA, protein polymerases(PB1, PB2, PA), matrix proteins (M1, M2), and nucleoprotein (“NP”).Preferably, the conserved peptide sequences are conserved on at leasttwo or more of the Ml, M2, HA, NA, or one or more polymerase proteins.

In a preferred example, a selected sequence in the M1 and M2 proteins ofthe H5N1 influenza virus corresponds to the M1 and M2 proteins found inother H5N1 particles, and to the same sequence in the M1 and M2 proteinsof the H3N2 influenza virus. In addition, while HA and NA proteins havehighly variable regions, conserved sequences from HA and NA are foundacross many influenza strains and many subtypes (e.g., HA and NAsequences are conserved across H5N1 and H1N1). In a preferred embodimentof the invention, the composite sequences is derived from a conservedsequence present within variants or strains (viral isolates expressingsubstantially the same HA and NA proteins, but wherein the HA and NAprotein amino acid sequences show some minor drift), of a singleinfluenzavirus subtype and more preferably across at least twoinfluenzavirus subtypes, e.g., subtypes of influenza A virus.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a composite peptide orpolypeptide that includes at least one epitopic antigen, which comprisesone or more repeatedly occurring epitope sequences, each of which isconserved across a plurality of homologous proteins that is conserved ina population of influenzavirus strains or serotypes, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In exemplary composite antigens, atleast one epitopic sequence is repeated at least once, preferably atleast twice times, more preferably at least three times. In otherembodiments, the at least one epitopic sequence is repeated four or moretimes. Preferably, the composite sequences are identical with thesequences in the homologous protein subunits of at least two circulatingviral isolates. In each embodiment, the compositions may include apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In additional preferred embodiments, the composite peptide sequencesinclude sequences derived from genome (i.e., RNA) segment 7 of theinfluenza virus, while in a more preferred embodiment, the sequencesinclude at least portions of the M1 and M2 proteins. In other preferredembodiments, the composite sequences include sequences expressed fromgenome segments encoding the HA or NA proteins. Such sequences are lessaffected by subtype drift and more broadly protective againstinfections.

In additional embodiments, the composite antigen includes one or moreT-cell stimulating epitopes, such as diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid,a polysaccharide, a lipoprotein, or a derivative or any combinationthereof (including fragments or variants thereof). Typically, the atleast one repeated sequence of the composite antigen is contained withinthe same molecule as the T-cell stimulating epitopes. In the case ofprotein-based T-cell stimulating epitopes, the at least one repeatedsequence of the composite antigen may be contained within the samepolypeptide as the T-cell stimulating epitopes, may be conjugatedthereto, or may be associated in other ways. Preferably, at least onerepeated sequence is incorporated within or alongside the one or moreT-cell stimulating epitopes in a composite antigen of the invention.

In additional embodiments, the composite antigens, with or withoutassociated T-cell stimulating epitopes may include one or morepolysaccharides or portions thereof. In preferred embodiments, at leastone sequence of a composite antigen is conjugated to one or morepolysaccharides. In other embodiments, one or more polysaccharides areconjugated to other portions of the composite antigen. Certainembodiments of the present invention are selected from polysaccharidevaccines, protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, or combinationsthereof.

Composite antigens of the invention may be synthesizing by in vitrochemical synthesis, solid-phase protein synthesis, and in vitro(cell-free) protein translation, or recombinantly engineered andexpressed in bacterial cells, fungi, insect cells, mammalian cells,virus particles, yeast, and the like.

A preferred composite antigen includes at least one of the followingelements: at least one repeated composite sequence; at least one T-cellepitope; at least one polysaccharide; at least one polynucleotide; atleast one structural component; or a combination thereof. The at leastone structural component may include one or more of: at least one linkersegment; at least one sugar-binding moiety; at least onenucleotide-binding moiety; at least one protein-binding moiety; at leastone enzymatic moiety; or a combination thereof. The inventionencompasses methods of preparing an immunogenic composition, preferablya pharmaceutical composition, more preferably a vaccine, wherein atarget antigen of the present invention is associated with apharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient, or carrier, and may beused with most any adjuvant.

Within the context of the present invention, that a relatively smallnumber of conservative or neutral substitutions (e.g., 1 or 2) may bemade within the sequence of the composite antigen or epitope sequencesdisclosed herein, without substantially altering the immunologicalresponse to the peptide. In some cases, the substitution of one or moreamino acids in a particular peptide may in fact serve to enhance orotherwise improve the ability of the peptide to elicit an immune orT-cell response in an animal that has been provided with a compositionthat comprises the modified peptide, or a polynucleotide that encodesthe peptide. Suitable substitutions may generally be identified usingcomputer programs and the effect of such substitutions may be confirmedbased on the reactivity of the modified peptide with antisera and/orT-cells. Accordingly, within certain preferred embodiments, a peptidefor use in the disclosed diagnostic and therapeutic methods may comprisea primary amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acid residuesare substituted by one or more replacement amino acids, such that theability of the modified peptide to react with antigen-specific antiseraand/or T-cell lines or clones is not significantly less than that forthe unmodified peptide.

As described above, preferred peptide variants are those that containone or more conservative substitutions. A “conservative substitution” isone in which an amino acid is substituted for another amino acid thathas similar properties, such that one skilled in the art of peptidechemistry would expect the secondary structure and hydropathic nature ofthe peptide to be substantially unchanged. Amino acid substitutions maygenerally be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge,solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity and/or the amphipathic natureof the residues. For example, negatively charged amino acids includeaspartic acid and glutamic acid; positively charged amino acids includelysine and arginine; and amino acids with uncharged polar head groupshaving similar hydrophilicity values include leucine, isoleucine andvaline; glycine and alanine; asparagine and glutamine; and serine,threonine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. Examples of amino acidsubstitutions that represent a conservative change include: (1)replacement of one or more Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Gln, Asn, Ser, orThr; residues with one or more residues from the same group; (2)replacement of one or more Cys, Ser, Tyr, or Thr residues with one ormore residues from the same group; (3) replacement of one or more Val,Ile, Leu, Met, Ala, or Phe residues with one or more residues from thesame group; (4) replacement of one or more Lys, Arg, or His residueswith one or more residues from the same group; and (5) replacement ofone or more Phe, Tyr, Trp, or His residues with one or more residuesfrom the same group. A variant may also, or alternatively, containnon-conservative changes, for example, by substituting one of the aminoacid residues from group (1) with an amino acid residue from group (2),group (3), group (4), or group (5). Variants may also (or alternatively)be modified by, for example, the deletion or addition of amino acidsthat have minimal influence on the immunogenicity, secondary structureand hydropathic nature of the peptide.

Epitopes may be arranged in any order relative to one another in thecomposite sequence. The number of spacer amino acids between two or moreof the epitopic sequences can be of any practical range, including, forexample, from 1 or 2 amino acids to 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or even 10 ormore amino acids between adjacent epitopes.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to polynucleotidesincluding DNA, RNA and PNA constructs that encode the compositesequences of the invention. These polynucleotides may be single-stranded(coding or antisense) or double-stranded, and may be DNA (genomic, cDNAor synthetic) or RNA molecules. Additional coding or non-codingsequences may, but need not, be present within a polynucleotide of thepresent invention, and a polynucleotide may, but need not, be linked toother molecules and/or support materials. As is appreciated by those ofordinary skill in the art that, as a result of the degeneracy of thegenetic code, there are many nucleotide sequences that encode a givenprimary amino acid sequence. Some of these polynucleotides bear minimalhomology to the nucleotide sequence of any native gene. Nonetheless,polynucleotides that vary due to differences in codon usage arespecifically contemplated by the present invention. Polynucleotides thatencode an immunogenic peptide may generally be used for production ofthe peptide, in vitro or in vivo. Any polynucleotide may be furthermodified to increase stability in vivo. Possible modifications include,but are not limited to, the addition of flanking sequences at the 5′and/or 3′-ends; the use of phosphorothioate or 2′-o-methyl rather thanphosphodiesterase linkages in the backbone; and/or the inclusion ofnontraditional bases such as inosine, queosine and wybutosine, as wellas acetyl- methyl-, thio- and other modified forms of adenine, cytidine,guanine, thymine and uridine.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses methods of vaccinating asubject against Influenza that includes administering to a patient inneed of influenza vaccination a therapeutically or prophylacticallyeffective amount of an influenza vaccine, which influenza vaccineincludes a composite antigen comprising one or more repeatedly occurringcomposite or other sequences, each of which is conserved across aplurality of homologous proteins in a plurality of influenza virusparticles, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, to provide adetectable immune response in the patient against influenza.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to nucleotide or DNAvaccines encoding composite antigens of the invention. A DNA vaccine ofthe invention contains the genetic sequence of a composite antigen, plusother necessary sequences that provide for the expression of thecomposite antigen in cells. By injecting the mammal with the geneticallyengineered DNA, the composite antigen is produced in or preferably oncells, which the mammal's immune system recognizes and thereby generatesa humoral or cellular response to the composite antigen, and thereforethe pathogen. DNA vaccines have a number of advantages over conventionalvaccines, including the ability to induce a more general and completeimmune response in the mammal. Accordingly, DNA vaccines can be used toprotect a mammal against disease caused from many different pathogenicorganisms of viral, bacterial, and parasitic origin as well as certaintumors.

DNA vaccines typically comprise a bacterial DNA contained that encodesthe composite antigen contained in vectors or plasmids that have beengenetically modified to transcribe and translate the composite antigenicsequences into specific protein sequences derived from a pathogen. Byway of example, the vaccine DNA is injected into the cells of the body,where the cellular machinery transcribed and translates the DNA into thecomposite antigen. Composite antigens, being non-natural andunrecognized by the mammalian immune system, are processed by cells andthe processed proteins, preferably the epitopes, displayed on cellsurfaces. Upon recognition of these composite antigens as foreign, themammal's immune system generates an appropriate immune response thatprotects the mammal from infection. In addition, DNA vaccine of theinvention are preferably codon optimized for expression in the mammaliancells of interest, such as but not limited to mouse or human cells. In apreferred embodiment, codon optimization involves selecting a desiredcodon usage bias (the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons incoding DNA) for the particular cell type so that the desired peptidesequence is expressed.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to therapeutic andprophylactic agents in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition foradministration to a cell or an animal, either alone, or in combinationwith one or more other modalities of prophylaxis and/or therapy.Therapeutic and prophylactic agents of the invention include compositeantigens, composite epitopes, compositions containing composite antigensand epitopes, composite sequences, DNA vaccines of the invention,antibodies of the invention, and/or T cells primed or exposed tocomposite antigens of the invention. The formulation ofpharmaceutically-acceptable excipients and carrier solutions is wellknown to those of ordinary skill in the art, as is the development ofsuitable dosing and treatment regimens for using the particularcompositions described herein in a variety of treatment regimens.

The amount of immunogenic composition(s) and the time needed for theadministration of such immunogenic composition(s) will be within thepurview of the ordinary-skilled artisan having benefit of the presentteachings. The administration of a therapeutically-effective,pharmaceutically-effective, and/or prophylactically-effective amount ofthe disclosed immunogenic compositions may be achieved by a singleadministration, such as for example, a single injection of a sufficientquantity of the delivered agent to provide the desired benefit to thepatient undergoing such a procedure. Alternatively, in somecircumstances, it may be desirable to provide multiple, or successiveadministrations of the immunogenic compositions, either over arelatively short, or even a relatively prolonged period of time, as maybe determined by the medical practitioner overseeing the administrationof such compositions to the selected individual.

The immunogenic compositions and vaccines of the present invention arepreferably administered in a manner compatible with the dosageformulation, and in such an amount as will be prophylactically ortherapeutically effective and preferably immunogenic. The quantity to beadministered depends on the subject to be treated, including, e.g., thecapacity of the patient's immune system to mount an immune response, andthe degree of protection desired. Suitable dosage ranges may be on theorder of several hundred micrograms (μg) of active ingredient pervaccination with a preferred range from about 0.1 μg to 2000 μg (eventhough higher amounts, such as, e.g., in the range of about 1 to about10 mg are also contemplated), such as in the range from about 0.5 μg to1000 μg, preferably in the range from about 1 μg to about 500 μg andespecially in the range from about 10 μg to about 100 μg. Suitableregimens for initial administration and booster shots are also variablebut are typified by an initial administration followed by optional butpreferred subsequent inoculations or other periodic administrations.

In certain embodiments, the dose would consist of the range of about 1μg to about 1 mg total protein or target antigen. In one exemplaryembodiment, the vaccine dosage range is about 0.1 μg to about 10 mg.However, one may prefer to adjust dosage based on the amount of peptidedelivered. In either case, these ranges are merely guidelines from whichone of ordinary skill in the art may deviate according to conventionaldosing techniques. Precise dosages may be determined by assessing theimmunogenicity of the conjugate produced in the appropriate host so thatan immunologically effective dose is delivered. An immunologicallyeffective dose is one that stimulates the immune system of the patientto establish an immune response to the immunogenic composition orvaccine. Preferably, a level of immunological memory sufficient toprovide long-term protection against disease caused by microbialinfection is obtained. The immunogenic compositions or vaccines of theinvention may be preferably formulated with an adjuvant. By “long-term”it is preferably meant over a period of time of at least about 6 months,over at least about 1 year, over at least about 2 to 5 or even at leastabout 2 to about 10 years or longer.

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to antibodies that arespecific for the composite antigens as described here and conservativevariants thereof. Antibodies specific for these polypeptides are useful,e.g., in both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, e.g., related to theactivity, distribution, and expression of target polypeptides.Antibodies of the invention may be classes IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD or IgE andinclude, but are not limited to, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonalantibodies, multiple or single chain antibodies, including single chainFv (sFv or scFv) antibodies in which a variable heavy and a variablelight chain are joined together (directly or through a peptide linker)to form a continuous polypeptide, and humanized or chimeric antibodies.

Antibodies specific for the composite peptides of the invention can begenerated by methods well known in the art. Such antibodies can include,but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, humanized,single chain, Fab fragments and fragments produced by an Fab expressionlibrary. Numerous methods for producing polyclonal and monoclonalantibodies are known to those of skill in the art, and can be adapted toproduce antibodies specific for the polypeptides of the invention,and/or encoded by the polynucleotide sequences of the invention (see,e.g., Coligan Current Protocols in Immunology Wiley/Greene, NY; Paul(ed.) (1991); (1998) Fundamental Immunology Fourth Edition,Lippincott-Raven, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Harlow and Lane (1989)Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, NY, USA;Stites et al. (Eds.) Basic and Clinical Immunology (4th ed.) LangeMedical Publications, Los Altos, Calif., USA and references citedtherein; Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies:

Principles and Practice (2d ed.) Academic Press, New York, N.Y., USA;1986; and Kohler and Milstein (1975).

The following examples illustrate embodiments of the invention, butshould not be viewed as limiting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Sequences

The following is a list of exemplary sequence. These sequences includecomposite sequences as well as sequences of interest that can becombined to form composite sequences of the invention:

SEQ ID NO 1 DWSGYSGSFVQHPELTGLD (N1 sequence; H1 N5 SEQ ID NO 2ETPIRNE (N1 epitope) SEQ ID NO 3 FVIREPFISCSHLEC (Pep 5) SEQ ID NO 4GNFIAP (HA epitope; Pep 1) SEQ ID NO 5 GNLIAP (HA epitope; Pep 2)SEQ ID NO 6 GNLFIAP (composite sequence of SEQ ID NOs 4 and 5; Pep 3)SEQ ID NO 7 GNLIFAP (composite sequence of SEQ ID NOs 4 and 5)SEQ ID NO 8 HYEECSCY (NA epitope; Pep 10) SEQ ID NO 9 LLTEVETPIRSEQ ID NO 10 LLTEVETPIRN SEQ ID NO 11 LLTEVETPIRNE SEQ ID NO 12DWSGYSGSFVQHPELTGL (N4 sequence; H1 N5) SEQ ID NO 13 EVETPIRNESEQ ID NO 14 FLLPEDETPIRNEWGLLTDDETPIRYIKANSKFIG ITE SEQ ID NO 15GNLFIAPGNLFIAPHYEECSCYHYEECSCYQYIKA NSKFIGITEHYEECSCYTPIRNETPIRNESEQ ID NO 16 GNLFIAPGNLFIAPQYIKANSKFIGITEGNLFIAP (composite of SEQ ID NO 6, SEQ ID NO 6, SEQ ID NO 60, and SEQ ID NO 6)SEQ ID NO 17 HYEECSCYDWSGYSGSFVQHPELTGLHYEECSCYQ YIKANSKFIGITESEQ ID NO 18 ITGFAPFSKDNSIRLSAGGDIWVTREPYVSCDP SEQ ID NO 19IWGIHHP (HA epitope) SEQ ID NO 20 IWGVHHP (HA epitope) SEQ ID NO 21IWGVIHHP (composite of SEQ ID NOs. 19 and 20) SEQ ID NO 22IWGIVHHP (composite of SEQ ID NOs. 19 and 20) SEQ ID NO 23KSCINTRCFYVELIRGR SEQ ID NO 24 LLTEVETPIRNESLLTEVETPIRNEWG (M2e epitope)SEQ ID NO 25 LLTEVETPIRNEW (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 26LLTEVETPIRNEWG (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 27 LTEVETPIRNE (M2e epitope)SEQ ID NO 28 LTEVETPIRNEW (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 29LTEVETPIRNEWG (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 30 MSLLTEVET (M2e epitope)SEQ ID NO 31 MSLLTEVETP (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 32MSLLTEVETPI (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 33 MSLLTEVETPIR (M2e epitope)SEQ ID NO 34 MSLLTEVETPIRN (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 35MSLLTEVETPIRNE (M2e epitopes) SEQ ID NO 36MSLLTEVETPIRNETPIRNE (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 37MSLLTEVETPIRNEW (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 38MSLLTEVETPIRNEWG (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 39 MSLLTEVETPIRNEWGCRCNDSSD(M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 40 SLLTEVET (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 41SLLTEVETPIRNE (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 42 SLLTEVETPIRNEW (M2e epitope)SEQ ID NO 43 SLLTEVETPIRNEWG (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 44SLLTEVETPIRNEWGTPIRNE (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 45SLLTEVETPIRNEWGTPIRNETPIRNE (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 46SLLTEVETPIRNEWGTPIRNETPIRNETPIRNE (M2e epitopes) SEQ ID NO 47SLLTEVETPIRNEWGLLTEVETPIRQYIKANSKFI GITE (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 48TEVETPIRNE (M2e epitope) SEQ ID NO 49 TPIRNE SEQ ID NO 50 VETPIRNESEQ ID NO 51 VTREPYVSCDPKSCINRCFYVELIRGRVTREPYVS CDPWYIKANSKFIGITESEQ ID NO 52 WGIHHP (HA conserved region; Pep 5) SEQ ID NO 53WGVHHP (HA conserved region; Pep 4) SEQ ID NO 54WGVIHHP (composite of SEQ ID NOs 52 and 53; Pep 6) SEQ ID NO 55WGIVHHP (composite of SEQ ID NOs 52 and 53; Pep 7) SEQ ID NO 56 YIWGIHHPSEQ ID NO 57 YIWGVHHP SEQ ID NO 58 YIWGVIHHP (composite of SEQ ID NOs56 and 57) SEQ ID NO 59 YIWGIVHHP (composite of SEQ ID NOs 56 and 57)SEQ ID NO 60 QYIKANSKFIGITE SEQ ID NO 61 PIRNEWGCRCNDSSD SEQ ID NO 65SEYAYGSFVRTVSLPVGADEGNLFIAPWGVIHHPH YEECSCYGLPVEYLQVPSPSMGRDIKVQFQSGGANSPALYLLDGLRAQDDFSGWDINTPAFEWYDQSGLS VVMPVGGQSSFYSDWYQPACRKAGCQTYKWETFLTSELPGWLQANRHVQPTGSAVVGLSMAASSALTLAI YHPQQFVYAGAMSGLLDPSQAMGPTLIGLAMGDAGGYKASDMWGPKEDPAWQRNDPLLNVGKLIANNTRV WVYCGNGKPSDLGGNNLPAKFLEGFVRTSNIKFQDAYNAGGHNGVFDFPDSGTHSWEYWGAQLNAMKPDL QRHWVPRPTPGPPQGAFDFPDSGTHSWEYWGAQLNAMKPDLQRHWVPRPTPGPPQGA (Sequence for DNA vaccine development 373amino acids; has a TB conserved regions on each side of Pep 11)SEQ ID NO 66 GNLFIAPWGVIHHPHYEECSCY (SEQ ID NOs 6, 54, and 8; Pep 11)SEQ ID NO 67 WGVIHHPGNLFIAPHYEECSCY (SEQ ID NOs 54, 6, and 8)SEQ ID NO 68 SRPGLPVEYLQVPSPSMGRDIKVQFQSGGANSPALYLLDGLRAQDDFSGWDINTPAFEWYDQSGLSVVMP VGGQSSFYSDWYQPACGKAGCQTYKWETFLTSELPGWLQANRHVKPTGSAVVGLSMAASSALTLAIYHPQ QFVYAGAMSGLLDPSQAMGPTLIGLAMGDAGGYKASDMWGPKEDPAWQRNDPLLNVGKLIANNTRVWVYC GNGKPSDLGGNNLPAKFLEGFVRTSNIKFQDAYNAGGGHNGVFDFPDSGTHSWEYWGAQLNAMKPDLQRA LGATPNTGPAPQGA (TB coding regionsequence of 85a) SEQ ID NO 69 TCCCGGCCGGGCTTGCCGGTGGAGTACCTGCAGGTGCCGTCGCCGTCGATGGGCCGTGACATCAAGGTCC AATTCCAAAGTGGTGGTGCCAACTCGCCCGCCCTGTACCTGCTCGACGGCCTGCGCGCGCAGGACGACTT CAGCGGCTGGGACATCAACACCCCGGCGTTCGAGTGGTACGACCAGTCGGGCCTGTCGGTGGTCATGCCG GTGGGTGGCCAGTCAAGCTTCTACTCCGACTGGTACCAGCCCGCCTGCGGCAAGGCCGGTTGCCAGACTT ACAAGTGGGAGACCTTCCTGACCAGCGAGCTGCCGGGGTGGCTGCAGGCCAACAGGCACGTCAAGCCCAC CGGAAGCGCCGTCGTCGGTCTTTCGATGGCTGCTTCTTCGGCGCTGACGCTGGCGATCTATCACCCCCAG CAGTTCGTCTACGCGGGAGCGATGTCGGGCCTGTTGGACCCCTCCCAGGCGATGGGTCCCACCCTGATCG GCCTGGCGATGGGTGACGCTGGCGGCTACAAGGCCTCCGACATGTGGGGCCCGAAGGAGGACCCGGCGTG GCAGCGCAACGACCCGCTGTTGAACGTCGGGAAGCTGATCGCCAACAACACCCGCGTCTGGGTGTACTGC GGCAACGGCAAGCCGTCGGATCTGGGTGGCAACAACCTGCCGGCCAAGTTCCTCGAGGGCTTCGTGCGGA CCAGCAACATCAAGTTCCAAGACGCCTACAACGCCGGTGGCGGCCACAACGGCGTGTTCGACTTCCCGGA CAGCGGTACGCACAGCTGGGAGTACTGGGGCGCGCAGCTCAACGCTATGAAGCCCGACCTGCAACGGGCA CTGGGTGCCACGCCCAACACCGGGCCCGCGCCCCAGGGCGCC (nucleotide sequence correspondingto TB sequence 85a or SEQ ID NO 64) SEQ ID NO 70SEFAYGSFVRTVSLPVGADEGNLFIAPWGVIHHPH YEECSCYSRPGLPVEYLQVPSPSMGRDIKVQFQSGGANSPALYLLDGLRAQDDFSGWDINTTPAFEWYDQ SGLSVVMPVGGQSSFYSDWYQPACGKAGCQTYKWETFLTSELPGWLQANRHVKPTGSAVVGLSMAASSAL TLAIYHPQQFVYAGAMSGLLDPSQAMGPTLIGLAMGDAGGYKASDMWGPKEDPAWQRNDPLLNVGKLIAN NTRVWVYCGNGKPSDLGGNNLPAKFLEGFVRTSNIKFQDAYNAGGGHNGVFDFPDSGTHSWEYWGAQLNA MKPDLQRALGATPNTGPAPQGA (336 amino acid sequence comprising HSPx, Pep  11 and TB 85a) SEQ ID NO 71TTTGGGCCCATTATGTCGGAATTCGCGTACGGTTC CTTCGTTCGCACGGTGTCGCTGCCGGTAGGTGCTGACGAG GGGAATCTAttcATTGCTCCT TGGGGGGTT attCACCACCCGCATTATGAGGAATGTTCCTGTTA C TCCCGGCCGGGCTTGCCGGTGGAGTACCTGCAGGTGCCGTCGCCGTCGATGGGCCGTGACATCAAGGTC CAATTCCAAAGTGGTGGTGCCAACTCGCCCGCCCTGTACCTGCTCGACGGCCTGCGCGCGCAGGACGACT TCAGCGGCTGGGACATCAACACCCCGGCGTTCGAGTGGTACGACCAGTCGGGCCTGTCGGTGGTCATGCC GGTGGGTGGCCAGTCAAGCTTCTACTCCGACTGGTACCAGCCCGCCTGCGGCAAGGCCGGTTGCCAGACT TACAAGTGGGAGACCTTCCTGACCAGCGAGCTGCCGGGGTGGCTGCAGGCCAACAGGCACGTCAAGCCCA CCGGAAGCGCCGTCGTCGGTCTTTCGATGGCTGCTTCTTCGGCGCTGACGCTGGCGATCTATCACCCCCA GCAGTTCGTCTACGCGGGAGCGATGTCGGGCCTGTTGGACCCCTCCCAGGCGATGGGTCCCACCCTGATC GGCCTGGCGATGGGTGACGCTGGCGGCTACAAGGCCTCCGACATGTGGGGCCCGAAGGAGGACCCGGCGT GGCAGCGCAACGACCCGCTGTTGAACGTCGGGAAGCTGATCGCCAACAACACCCGCGTCTGGGTGTACTG CGGCAACGGCAAGCCGTCGGATCTGGGTGGCAACAACCTGCCGGCCAAGTTCCTCGAGGGCTTCGTGCGG ACCAGCAACATCAAGTTCCAAGACGCCTACAACGCCGGTGGCGGCCACAACGGCGTGTTCGACTTCCCGG ACAGCGGTACGCACAGCTGGGAGTACTGGGGCGCGCAGCTCAACGCTATGAAGCCCGACCTGCAACGGGC ACTGGGTGCCACGCCCAACACCGGGCCCGCGCCCCAGGGCGCCTAGTTTCTTAAGTTT Underlined sequences: Start and stop codonsAfl II Restriction Site (NEB Buffer 4) Note:multi T Spacer between stop and Afl II REApa I Restriction Site (NEB Buffer 4) Note:Spacer between start and Apa I RE is Kozakminimal translation initiation site Bold sequences:HA1 sequence bolded and underlined (SEQ ID NO 72)HA2 sequence bolded (SEQ ID NO 73 NA1 sequence bolded and underlined(SEQ ID NO 74) SEQ ID NO 72 GGGAATCTAttcATTGCTCCT SEQ ID NO 73TGGGGGGTTattCACCACCCG SEQ ID NO 74 CATTATGAGGAATGTTCCTGTTAC SEQ ID NO 75SEFAYGSFVRTVSLPVGADE (Heat Shock protein sequence of epitope HSPx derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (NC_000962.2)SEQ ID NO 76 TCGGAATTCGCGTACGGTTCCTTCGTTCGCACGGTGTCGCTGCCGGTAGGTGCTGACGAG (nucleotide sequence correspondingto HSPx; SEQ ID NO 66) SEQ ID NO 77 GNLFIAPWGVIHHPHYEECSCY (underlined sequences are epitopes HA {composite} and NA, respectively,of Influenza A; Pep 11) SEQ ID NO 78 GGGAATCTAttcATTGCTCCTTGGGGGGTTattCACCACCCGCATTATGAGGAATGTTCCTGTTAC  (Pep 11- SEQ ID NO 68) SEQ ID NO 79TCGGAATTCGCGTACGGTTCCTTCGTTCGCACGGT GTCGCTGCCGGTAGGTGCTGACGAGGGGAATCTAttcATTGCTCCTTGGGGGGTTattCACCACCCGCAT TATGAGGAATGTTCCTGTTACTCCCGGCCGGGCTTGCCGGTGGAGTACCTGCAGGTGCCGTCGCCGTCGA TGGGCCGTGACATCAAGGTCCAATTCCAAAGTGGTGGTGCCAACTCGCCCGCCCTGTACCTGCTCGACGG CCTGCGCGCGCAGGACGACTTCAGCGGCTGGGACATCAACACCCCGGCGTTCGAGTGGTACGACCAGTCG GGCCTGTCGGTGGTCATGCCGGTGGGTGGCCAGTCAAGCTTCTACTCCGACTGGTACCAGCCCGCCTGCG GCAAGGCCGGTTGCCAGACTTACAAGTGGGAGACCTTCCTGACCAGCGAGCTGCCGGGGTGGCTGCAGGC CAACAGGCACGTCAAGCCCACCGGAAGCGCCGTCGTCGGTCTTTCGATGGCTGCTTCTTCGGCGCTGACG CTGGCGATCTATCACCCCCAGCAGTTCGTCTACGCGGGAGCGATGTCGGGCCTGTTGGACCCCTCCCAGG CGATGGGTCCCACCCTGATCGGCCTGGCGATGGGTGACGCTGGCGGCTACAAGGCCTCCGACATGTGGGG CCCGAAGGAGGACCCGGCGTGGCAGCGCAACGACCCGCTGTTGAACGTCGGGAAGCTGATCGCCAACAAC ACCCGCGTCTGGGTGTACTGCGGCAACGGCAAGCCGTCGGATCTGGGTGGCAACAACCTGCCGGCCAAGT TCCTCGAGGGCTTCGTGCGGACCAGCAACATCAAGTTCCAAGACGCCTACAACGCCGGTGGCGGCCACAA CGGCGTGTTCGACTTCCCGGACAGCGGTACGCACAGCTGGGAGTACTGGGGCGCGCAGCTCAACGCTATG AAGCCCGACCTGCAACGGGCACTGGGTGCCACGCCCAACACCGGGCCCGCGCCCCAGGGCGCC (1008 nucleotide DNA construct ofcomposite peptide comprising TB epitopes at each end with aninfluenza sequence in the middle which is composed of threeepitopes- 2 HA composites {underlined} with an NA epitope between them).SEQ ID NO 80 CAGAGNFIAP SEQ ID NO 81 CAGAGNLIAP SEQ ID NO 82 CAGAGNLFIAPSEQ ID NO 83 CAGAWGVHHP SEQ ID NO 84 CAGAWGIHHP SEQ ID NO 85 CAGAWGVIHHPSEQ ID NO 86 CAGAWGIVHHP SEQ ID NO 87 GNLIAPWGVIHHP SEQ ID NO 88CAGAGNLIAPWGVIHHP SEQ ID NO 89 GNLFIAPWGVIHHP SEQ ID NO 90CAGAGNLFIAPWGVIHHP SEQ ID NO 91 HYEECSCY SEQ ID NO 92 CAGAHYEECSCYSEQ ID NO 93 GNLFIAPWGVIHHPHYEECSCY SEQ ID NO 94CAGAGNLFIAPWGVIHHPHYEECSCY SEQ ID NO 95 GNLFIAPWGVIHHPGNLFIAPWGVIHHPSEQ ID NO 96 CAGAGNLFIAPWGVIHHPGNLFIAPWGVIHHP SEQ ID NO 97HYEECSCYGNLFIAPWGVIHHP SEQ ID NO 98 GNLFIAPHYEECSCYWGVIHHP SEQ ID NO 99SLLTEVETPIRNEWGLLTEVETPIRQYIKANSKFI GITE SEQ ID NO 100GNLFIAPGNLFIAPQYIKANSKFIGITEGNLFIAP SEQ ID NO 101HYEECSCYDWSGYSGSFVQHPELTGLHYEECSCYQ YIKANSKFIGITE SEQ ID NO 102VTREPYVSCDPKSCINRCFYVELIRGRVTREPYVS CDPQYIKANSKFIGITE SEQ ID NO 103DWSGYSGSFVQHPELTGL SEQ ID NO 104 ITGFAPFSKDNSIRLSAGGDIWVTREPYVSCDPSEQ ID NO 105 KSCINRCFYVELIRGR SEQ ID NO 106 GNLFIAPRYAFA SEQ ID NO 107CAGAGNLFIAPRYAFA SEQ ID NO 108 GNLVVPRYAFA SEQ ID NO 109 CAGAGNLVVPRYAFASEQ ID NO 110 GNLIAPRYAFA SEQ ID NO 111 CAGAGNLIAPRYAFA SEQ ID NO 112GNLVVP SEQ ID NO 113 CAGAGNLVVP SEQ ID NO 114 FVIREPFISCSHLECSEQ ID NO 115 CAGAFVIREPFISCSHLEC

FIG. 1 shows titers as determined by ELISA of mice vaccinated with Pep6, Pep 9, Pep 10 or Pep 11. As can be seen, vaccinations with Pep 9, Pep10 and Pep 11 provided a generally strong repose to the native antigenand the highest titers in mice.

FIG. 2 shows mean OD values of sera from mice immunized peptides derivedfrom the Wuhan strain of Influenza (H3N2). Results indicate that Pep 10and Pep 11 provide a significant immune response as compared tounvaccinated mice (the Balb/c pool) and mice vaccinated with Pep 3.

FIG. 3 shows mean OD values of antisera (titered at 1:100) followingimmunization with Pep 6. As can be seen, Pep 6 the antisera reactedstrongly with viruses of both H1N1 and H3N2.

FIG. 4 shows antisera titers of mice immunized with Pep 9 as reactedwith Influenza strain Caledonia virus (H1N1) at various dilutions. Asseen, Pep 9 reacts strongly with whole virus.

FIG. 5 shows four graphs (A-D), each depicting the absorbance of Pep 9sera to one of four substrates: (A) fresh Wuhan virus; (B) fixed Wuhanvirus; (C) fresh Caledonia virus; and (D) fixed Caledonia virus. Asshown, Pep 9 sera reacting strongly in with all substrates tested.

FIG. 6 shows the titers from mice immunized with Pep 9 as captured withsubstrates of fresh or fixed Wuhan or Caledonia virus substrates. Again,Pep 9 antisera were strongly reactive with each and the amount ofbinding observed for many of the antisera tested was similar betweenfresh and fixed.

FIG. 7 shows antisera titers of mice immunized with Pep 11 as capturedwith various dilutions of substrates of H5N1. As can be seen, bindingwas observed with both sera tested.

A composite antigen that contains previously determined conservedsurface protein epitopes of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase fromInfluenza A viruses (several subtypes including human H1, H3 andhigh-path H5) was constructed. Also included were proteins segments fromHspX and 85a from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The expressed proteinhybrid construct included the following: NH2+ - - -HspX-HA1-HA2-NA1-85a - - - COO- wherein, HspX is 20 amino acids fromMycobacterium tuberculosis HspX protein; HA1 is a 7 amino acid highlyconserved hybrid region influenza A hemagglutinin protein; HA2 is a 7amino acid highly conserved hybrid region of influenza A hemagglutininprotein; NA1 is an 8 amino acid highly conserve hybrid region ofinfluenza A neuraminidase protein; and 85a is 294 amino acids from the85 kD 85a protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The maturecorresponding protein sequence is the 336 amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO 70.

The composite antigen vaccine is constructed using the pVAX1 (InvitrogenInc, Cat#V260-20) by recombinant methods. Briefly, a single stranded(ss) DNA polymer corresponding to SEQ ID 70 is synthesized. The ssDNAsequence also include: 1) a 5′ ApaI restriction endonuclease recognitionsite and a 3′ Afl II restriction site for directional insertion intopVAX1 cloning vector, 2) a ATT minimal Kozak translation initiationsequence at the 5′ end, 3) a ATG start codon, and 4) a 3′ TAGtermination (stop) codon. The nucleotide sequence in its entirety willconsist of 1038 nucleotides which is SEQ ID NO 71.

This single stranded nucleotide sequence is used as a template togenerate double stranded amplicon by polymerase chain reaction.Following PCR amplification the amplicon is subjected to restrictionendonuclease digestion, ligated into pVAX1 and transformed into E. Colibacteria using standard transformation and screening methods withKanamycin selection. Plasmids containing recombinant insert are grown inovernight culture and purified using known plasmid extraction methods.Concentrations of recombinant pVAX1 plasmid are subjected to DNAsequencing and utilized in downstream transfection experiments in mice.

FIGS. 8-1 to 8-6 list a large number of sequences that include conservedor otherwise targeted regions of various genetic sequence of interest,and composite sequences of the invention.

Other embodiments and uses of the invention will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practiceof the invention disclosed herein. All references cited herein,including all publications, U.S. and foreign patents and patentapplications, are specifically and entirely incorporated by reference.The term comprising, where ever used, is intended to include the termsconsisting and consisting essentially of. Furthermore, the termscomprising, including, and containing are not intended to be limiting.It is intended that the specification and examples be consideredexemplary only with the true scope and spirit of the invention indicatedby the following claims.

1. A method of treating or preventing an infection of an influenza virus comprising: providing an immunogenic preparation that contains at least two peptides, wherein at least one of the two peptides comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 12-20, 47, and 52-55; and at least one of the two peptides comprises a T-cell stimulating epitope; and administering the immunogenic preparation to a patient to generate an immunological response to the infection.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the influenza virus comprises one or more of H1N1, H1N7, H2N2, H3N1, H3N2, H3N8, H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N8, H5N9, H7N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N4, H7N7 or H9N2.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 1. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 2. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 6. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 8. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 9. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 12. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 13. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 14. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 15. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 16. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 17. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 18. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 19. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 20. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 47. 18. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 52. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 53. 20. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 54. 21. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one peptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO
 55. 22. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the at least two peptides comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 12-20, 47, and 52-55.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the T-cell stimulating epitope comprises a fragment, derivative, or variant of CRM, diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, lipoprotein, or combinations thereof.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least two peptides and the T-cell stimulating epitope are conjugated.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the immune response comprises a cellular or antibody-mediated immune response against the infection.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the cellular or antibody-mediated immune response comprises one or more of production of antibodies, B cells, T Helper cell, or cytotoxic T cells directed against the infection.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic preparation comprises an adjuvant.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic preparation does not include an adjuvant.
 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic preparation is formulated for local or system administration.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic preparation is formulated as microcapsules, microparticles, microspheres, nanocapsules, nanoparticles, nanospheres, or combinations thereof.
 31. The method of claim 1, wherein administering comprises a single dose of the immunogenic preparation.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein administering comprises multiple doses of the immunogenic preparation.
 33. The method of claim 1, wherein administration is intradermal, intramuscular, intranasal, intravenous, oral, parenteral, subcutaneous, transcutaneous, or transdermal.
 34. The method of claim 1, wherein administration is a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount.
 35. A method comprising: providing an immunogenic preparation that contains at least two peptides, wherein at least one of the two peptides comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 12-20, 47, and 52-55; and at least one of the two peptides comprises a T-cell stimulating epitope; administering the immunogenic preparation to a mammal to generate an immunological response containing antibodies responsive to the immunogenic preparation; and collecting antibodies generated.
 36. The method of claim 35, further comprising administering the antibodies collected to a patient suspected of having or actually having an influenza virus infection.
 37. A method of treating or preventing an infection caused by one or more pathogens comprising: providing an immunogenic preparation that contains a composite antigen, wherein said composite antigen comprises a sequence derived from two different antigenic epitopes, wherein the two different antigenic epitopes comprise similar sequences at the N- and C-terminal portions and a different amino acid sequences in the middle portion, and wherein said two different epitopes are derived from the one or more pathogens, wherein said composite antigen comprises the formula A1BCA2, wherein: 1) A1 is the consensus sequence between the two epitopes that are the common amino acids at the N-terminus of each epitope, and wherein A1 is less than 30 amino acids; 2) B represents the one or two middle amino acid residue(s) from the first epitope that differ from the second epitope; 3) C represents the one or two middle amino acid residue(s) from the second epitope that differ from the first epitope; 4) A2 is the consensus sequence between the two epitopes that are the common amino acids at the C-terminus of each epitope, and wherein A2 is less than 30 amino acids; administering the immunogenic preparation to a patient to generate an immunological response to the infection.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein said antigen is linked to one or more additional epitopes, one or more additional composite epitopes, or a combination thereof.
 39. The method of claim 37, wherein the one or more pathogens comprise a virus, a bacterium, a parasite, a yeast, a fungus, or a serotype thereof.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein the one or more pathogens comprises influenza virus.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the antigenic epitopes are derived from M1, M2, HA, NA, PB1, or PB2 proteins of Influenza virus, or a combination thereof.
 42. The method of claim 39, wherein the one or more pathogens comprises Mycobacterium or Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
 43. The method of claim 37, wherein the two different antigenic epitopes comprise SEQ ID NOs 4 and 5, or SEQ ID NOs 19 and 20, or SEQ ID NOs 52 and 53, or SEQ ID NOs 56 and 57, or SEQ ID NOs 80 and 81, or SEQ ID NOs 83 and
 84. 44. The method of claim 37, wherein the which comprises SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7, 21, 22, 54, 55, 58, 59, 82, 85, or
 86. 45. The method of claim 37, wherein the different epitopes of the immunogenic composition are derived from different serotypes of a same pathogen. 